High prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype C/C1 in the Minangkabau ethnic group in Indonesia

High prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype C/C1 in the Minangkabau ethnic group in Indonesia

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Abstract Background The Minangkabau is one of the major ethnic groups in Indonesia.Previous studies with a limited number of samples have shown a different prevalence of HBV/C in the Minangkabau compared to the Indonesian population in general.The aim of this study was to sensationnel kiyari assess the HBV genotype distribution pattern and the prevalence of pre-S, T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations among the Minangkabau HBV carriers.The samples were collected from Padang, West Sumatera and from western Java.

Mixed primers for specific genotypes were used to determine the HBV genotype.Pre-S or S genes were amplified, sequenced and aligned with reference sequences from GenBank to derive a phylogenetic tree for subgenotyping.Pre-S genes were also analyzed for mutations.The basal core promoter (BCP) region was amplified and directly sequenced to analyze T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations.

Results The predominant HBV genotype among the Minangkabau HBV carriers (n=117) was C (72.6%) followed by B (24.8%) and co-infection with B and C (2.6%).

The prevalence of pre-S mutations, including both the pre-S deletion and pre-S2 start codon mutation, was 41.0%, and the T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations berness white sneakers were found in 51.9% and 71.2% respectively.

HBV/C1 was the predominant HBV subgenotype in the Minangkabau HBV carriers, and was found in 66.2%, followed by B3, B7, C8, B2, B9, C2, and C10 (18.3%, 7.0%, 2.

8%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 1.4%, and 1.

4% respectively).From samples that were found to be co-infected with HBV B and C, two samples were successfully cloned and subgenotyped, including one with mixed subgenotypes of B3 and C1, and another one with mixed subgenotypes of B7, C1, putative intergenotypic of B/A, and C/A.Furthermore, three samples from donors of non-Minangkabau ethnicity from Padang were found to be infected with an intragenotypic recombination form, including a putative recombinant of B8/B3 and B9/B7.Conclusion HBV/C with subgenotype C1 was the predominant HBV genotype among HBV carriers of Minangkabau ethnicity.

The prevalence of pre-S, A1762T/G1764A, and T1753V mutations was higher among the Minangkabau compared to Indonesian HBV carriers in general.